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?>
<div id="index" class="set">
 <h1 class="title">PHP Manual</h1>
 


 <div class="info">
  
  <div class="pubdate">2026-04-29</div>
  

  

 </div>
 



 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

<ul class="chunklist chunklist_set"><li><a href="copyright.php">Copyright</a></li><li><a href="getting-started.php">Getting Started</a><ul class="chunklist chunklist_set chunklist_children"><li><a href="introduction.php">Introduction</a> — What is PHP and what can it do?</li><li><a href="tutorial.php">A simple tutorial</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="install.php">Installation and Configuration</a><ul class="chunklist chunklist_set chunklist_children"><li><a href="install.general.php">General Installation Considerations</a></li><li><a href="install.unix.php">Installation on Unix systems</a></li><li><a href="install.macosx.php">Installation on macOS</a></li><li><a href="install.windows.php">Installation on Windows systems</a></li><li><a href="install.cloud.php">Installation on Cloud Computing platforms</a></li><li><a href="install.fpm.php">FastCGI Process Manager (FPM)</a></li><li><a href="install.pecl.php">Installation of PECL extensions</a></li><li><a href="install.composer.intro.php">Introduction to Composer</a></li><li><a href="install.pie.intro.php">Introduction to PIE</a></li><li><a href="configuration.php">Runtime Configuration</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="langref.php">Language Reference</a><ul class="chunklist chunklist_set chunklist_children"><li><a href="language.basic-syntax.php">Basic syntax</a></li><li><a href="language.types.php">Types</a></li><li><a href="language.variables.php">Variables</a></li><li><a href="language.constants.php">Constants</a></li><li><a href="language.expressions.php">Expressions</a></li><li><a href="language.operators.php">Operators</a></li><li><a href="language.control-structures.php">Control Structures</a></li><li><a href="language.functions.php">Functions</a></li><li><a href="language.oop5.php">Classes and Objects</a></li><li><a href="language.namespaces.php">Namespaces</a></li><li><a href="language.enumerations.php">Enumerations</a></li><li><a href="language.errors.php">Errors</a></li><li><a href="language.exceptions.php">Exceptions</a></li><li><a href="language.fibers.php">Fibers</a></li><li><a href="language.generators.php">Generators</a></li><li><a href="language.attributes.php">Attributes</a></li><li><a href="language.references.php">References Explained</a></li><li><a href="reserved.variables.php">Predefined Variables</a></li><li><a href="reserved.exceptions.php">Predefined Exceptions</a></li><li><a href="reserved.interfaces.php">Predefined Interfaces and Classes</a></li><li><a href="reserved.attributes.php">Predefined Attributes</a></li><li><a href="context.php">Context options and parameters</a></li><li><a href="wrappers.php">Supported Protocols and Wrappers</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="security.php">Security</a><ul class="chunklist chunklist_set chunklist_children"><li><a href="security.intro.php">Introduction</a></li><li><a href="security.general.php">General considerations</a></li><li><a href="security.cgi-bin.php">Installed as CGI binary</a></li><li><a href="security.apache.php">Installed as an Apache module</a></li><li><a href="security.sessions.php">Session Security</a></li><li><a href="security.filesystem.php">Filesystem Security</a></li><li><a href="security.database.php">Database Security</a></li><li><a href="security.errors.php">Error Reporting</a></li><li><a href="security.variables.php">User Submitted Data</a></li><li><a href="security.hiding.php">Hiding PHP</a></li><li><a href="security.current.php">Keeping Current</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="features.php">Features</a><ul class="chunklist chunklist_set chunklist_children"><li><a href="features.http-auth.php">HTTP authentication with PHP</a></li><li><a href="features.cookies.php">Cookies</a></li><li><a href="features.sessions.php">Sessions</a></li><li><a href="features.file-upload.php">Handling file uploads</a></li><li><a href="features.remote-files.php">Using remote files</a></li><li><a href="features.connection-handling.php">Connection handling</a></li><li><a href="features.persistent-connections.php">Persistent Database Connections</a></li><li><a href="features.commandline.php">Command line usage</a> — Using PHP from the command line</li><li><a href="features.gc.php">Garbage Collection</a></li><li><a href="features.dtrace.php">DTrace Dynamic Tracing</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="funcref.php">Function Reference</a><ul class="chunklist chunklist_set chunklist_children"><li><a href="refs.basic.php.php">Affecting PHP's Behaviour</a></li><li><a href="refs.utilspec.audio.php">Audio Formats Manipulation</a></li><li><a href="refs.remote.auth.php">Authentication Services</a></li><li><a href="refs.utilspec.cmdline.php">Command Line Specific Extensions</a></li><li><a href="refs.compression.php">Compression and Archive Extensions</a></li><li><a href="refs.crypto.php">Cryptography Extensions</a></li><li><a href="refs.database.php">Database Extensions</a></li><li><a href="refs.calendar.php">Date and Time Related Extensions</a></li><li><a href="refs.fileprocess.file.php">File System Related Extensions</a></li><li><a href="refs.international.php">Human Language and Character Encoding Support</a></li><li><a href="refs.utilspec.image.php">Image Processing and Generation</a></li><li><a href="refs.remote.mail.php">Mail Related Extensions</a></li><li><a href="refs.math.php">Mathematical Extensions</a></li><li><a href="refs.utilspec.nontext.php">Non-Text MIME Output</a></li><li><a href="refs.fileprocess.process.php">Process Control Extensions</a></li><li><a href="refs.basic.other.php">Other Basic Extensions</a></li><li><a href="refs.remote.other.php">Other Services</a></li><li><a href="refs.search.php">Search Engine Extensions</a></li><li><a href="refs.utilspec.server.php">Server Specific Extensions</a></li><li><a href="refs.basic.session.php">Session Extensions</a></li><li><a href="refs.basic.text.php">Text Processing</a></li><li><a href="refs.basic.vartype.php">Variable and Type Related Extensions</a></li><li><a href="refs.webservice.php">Web Services</a></li><li><a href="refs.utilspec.windows.php">Windows Only Extensions</a></li><li><a href="refs.xml.php">XML Manipulation</a></li><li><a href="refs.ui.php">GUI Extensions</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="faq.php">FAQ</a> — Frequently Asked Questions<ul class="chunklist chunklist_set chunklist_children"><li><a href="faq.general.php">General Information</a></li><li><a href="faq.mailinglist.php">Mailing lists</a></li><li><a href="faq.obtaining.php">Obtaining PHP</a></li><li><a href="faq.databases.php">Database issues</a></li><li><a href="faq.installation.php">Installation</a></li><li><a href="faq.build.php">Build Problems</a></li><li><a href="faq.using.php">Using PHP</a></li><li><a href="faq.passwords.php">Password Hashing</a> — Hashing passwords safely and securely</li><li><a href="faq.html.php">PHP and HTML</a></li><li><a href="faq.com.php">PHP and COM</a></li><li><a href="faq.misc.php">Miscellaneous Questions</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="appendices.php">Appendices</a><ul class="chunklist chunklist_set chunklist_children"><li><a href="history.php">History of PHP and Related Projects</a></li><li><a href="examples.php">About manual examples</a></li><li><a href="migration85.php">Migrating from PHP 8.4.x to PHP 8.5.x</a></li><li><a href="migration84.php">Migrating from PHP 8.3.x to PHP 8.4.x</a></li><li><a href="migration83.php">Migrating from PHP 8.2.x to PHP 8.3.x</a></li><li><a href="migration82.php">Migrating from PHP 8.1.x to PHP 8.2.x</a></li><li><a href="migration81.php">Migrating from PHP 8.0.x to PHP 8.1.x</a></li><li><a href="migration80.php">Migrating from PHP 7.4.x to PHP 8.0.x</a></li><li><a href="migration74.php">Migrating from PHP 7.3.x to PHP 7.4.x</a></li><li><a href="migration73.php">Migrating from PHP 7.2.x to PHP 7.3.x</a></li><li><a href="migration72.php">Migrating from PHP 7.1.x to PHP 7.2.x</a></li><li><a href="migration71.php">Migrating from PHP 7.0.x to PHP 7.1.x</a></li><li><a href="migration70.php">Migrating from PHP 5.6.x to PHP 7.0.x</a></li><li><a href="migration56.php">Migrating from PHP 5.5.x to PHP 5.6.x</a></li><li><a href="debugger.php">Debugging in PHP</a></li><li><a href="configure.php">Configure options</a></li><li><a href="ini.php">php.ini directives</a></li><li><a href="extensions.php">Extension List/Categorization</a></li><li><a href="aliases.php">List of Function Aliases</a></li><li><a href="reserved.php">List of Reserved Words</a></li><li><a href="resource.php">List of Resource Types</a></li><li><a href="filters.php">List of Available Filters</a></li><li><a href="transports.php">List of Supported Socket Transports</a></li><li><a href="types.comparisons.php">PHP type comparison tables</a></li><li><a href="tokens.php">List of Parser Tokens</a></li><li><a href="userlandnaming.php">Userland Naming Guide</a></li><li><a href="about.php">About the manual</a></li><li><a href="cc.license.php">Creative Commons Attribution 3.0</a></li><li><a href="indexes.php">Index listing</a></li><li><a href="doc.changelog.php">Changelog</a></li></ul></li></ul></div><?php manual_footer($setup); ?>